modeling agencies in birmingham Latin festivals this summer/ Carnaval del Pueblo in Pictures leather corset
modeling agencies in birmingham MINKA News UK\'s Iberian and Latin American Newsletter (English edition) London, 06-08-2008. International year of the Potatoes. If by mistake we have sent this e-mail to you please reply ‘remove’. MINKA means a form of community work in Quechua, Aymara and Guarani. NEWS are the four cardinal points in which the Anden and Iberian peoples are now displaced all over the world.MINKA is a community, non-profit and free tribune Newsletter. It has a daily Spanish-Portuguese-English edition and a weekly edition in English INDEXLatin and Iberian festivals in this summerCarnaval del Pueblo picturesMINKAPEDIA by Paul Goulder. Cholofication of the Austin. 189 years of the Independence of the Great Colombia and the Battle of BoyacáOn Bolivian National Day we reproduce a letter to the EU from its President CONGRATULATIONS TO THE BOLIVIANS AND JAMAICANS BECAUSE TODAY IS THEIR NATIONAL DAY Latin festivals in this summer On Sunday 3 August between 10,000 and 20,000 people attended the Carnaval del Pueblo at Burgess Park. However, perhaps more people watched the parade of 16 floats that departed from Elephant and Castle. Most of the floats where created by Bolivian Londoners but also there were some from Peru, Mexico and Colombia. So far there have been many other Latin American festivals in this summer. Important cities like Birmingham or Newcastle had their own Latin events. In Newcastle the first edition of the Viva Festival (11-20 July) was very successful, with 77 performances, 168 artists and a total attendance 10,000+. In early June the Portugal National Festival attracted 30,000 people at Kennington Park (according to the Lambeth council). On 21 June there was a Latin Carnival and the celebration of the Andean New Year (Inti Raymi) as part of the Tottenham Carnival which gathered around 15,000 people. Next weekend perhaps more than 50,000 people attended the Carnival de Cuba at Southwark Park. On Sunday 20 July more than 10,000 people saw the Colombian Festival at South Bank. Peruvian celebrations on the last weekend of July attracted 4,000 people.Many Latin American bands and dancers participated in several festivals and some of them are going to be part of the Notting Hill Carnival. There are more than one million Iberian and Latin Americans living in the UK (especially in London) and they would like to use their talents to attract tourists and to increase the cultural atmosphere of the world’s next Olympic capital.London used to have an entire week with Latin and Iberian dances, music, theatres, circus performances and arts exhibitions at South Bank. The ambition of many Latin and Iberian communities is to unite in order to set up in London the largest Iberian American festival outside Iberia and the Americas. There are some proposals (like the one made by Simon Hughes MP) to create a Latin Assembly that could represent the community. This body could unite all cultural efforts in one week of events. At the moment the Trafalgar Square has never been allocated to celebrate an Iberian American united event or the Andean New Year. August 3, 2008Carnaval del Pueblo In Pictures (Orhan) (Orhan) « PREVIOUS Something to brighten an overcast Tuesday: pictures from Sunday\'s Carnaval del Pueblo which salsa, soca and samba-ed down the Walworth Road and filled Burgess Park with Latin American live music, dance and a fiesta of colour, bringing Salvador to the streets of Southwark. Many thanks to Orhan & Tanya N for the photographs, via the Londonist Flickrpool. londonist/2008/08/carnival_del_pueblo_in_pictures.php?gallery8783Pic=1#gallery\" londonist/2008/08/carnival_del_pueblo_in_pictures.php... More pictures at flickr/photos/city_poet/sets/72157606522732205/\"flickr/photos/city_poet/sets/72157606522732205/ picasaweb.google.co.uk/artupior/CarnavalDelPueblo2008/photo#5230728614912376082\" picasaweb.google.co.uk/artupior/CarnavalDelPueblo2008/pho... BBC pictures at .bbc.co.uk/london/content/image_galleries/carnaval_del_pueblo_gallery.shtml?13\" .bbc.co.uk/london/content/image_galleries/carnaval_del... uk.encontactomundo/component/option,com_zoom/Itemid,22/catid,96/\" uk.encontactomundo/component/option,com_zoom/Itemid,2... MINKAPEDIA by Paul Goulder Cholofication of the Austin. In March 2008 edition of Practical Classics turn to page 34. “Mark Davey of Chilwell, Notts, spotted one of the few Austin 1100’s imported into Peru. Located in Cabanaconde, a village 3400m above sea level, Mark was surprised to spot the car in such a remote location, joined to the rest of the world by a single road. It was the only British car he saw in Peru during his holiday.†Minkanews comments that in all probability the Austin 1100 was imported into Peru (late 1960’s / early 1970’s?) by Roberts y Cia, the Arequipa agents of British Motor Corporation, later British Leyland. The Austins were not sufficiently rugged for roads outside the urban area â€" there being then only one metalled (asphalted) road linking Arequipa to the outside world. There was no road for cars at that time to Cabanaconde. If readers by chance recognise this car please add any information you can about its history to this page (click edit this page). If you are reading this in Minkanews please turn to the editable version in Minkpedia first. academia.wikia/wiki/Austin_1100_in_Cabanaconde\" academia.wikia/wiki/Austin_1100_in_Cabanaconde Also you can write direct to the author of this piece on that page. 189 years of the Independence of the Great Colombia and the Battle of BoyacáFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Battle of Boyacá Part of Bolivar\'s War, Bolivar in New Granada, Venezuelan War of Independence Painting of the Battle of Boyaca, which resulted in the independence of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama from Spain. Exhibited in the Federal Palace, Caracas, Venezuela. Date August 7, 1819 Location Boyacá, Colombia Result Republican (BolÃvar) victory Belligerents Independentist army Royalist army Commanders General-in-Chief Simón Antonio BolÃvar. Brigade General Francisco de Paula Santander. Brigade General Jose Antonio Anzoátegui. Brigade General Carlos Soublette Colonel José MarÃa Barreiro . Colonel Francisco Jiménez . Colonel Sebastián DÃaz Execution of Spanish officers Strength 3430 2940 colombian-venezuelan loyalist soldiers Casualties and losses 13 dead, 53 injured. over 100 casualties, 150 injured and 1600 prisoners. The Battle of Boyacá in Colombia, then known as New Granada, was the battle in which Colombia acquired its definitive independence from Spanish Monarchy, although fighting with royalist forces would continue for years. Brigade GeneralsFrancisco de Paula Santander and José Antonio Anzoátegui led a combined republican army of Colombians and Venezuelans, complemented by the British Legion, to defeat in two hours a Royalist Colombian-Venezuelan forces led by Spanish Colonels José MarÃa Barreiro and Francisco Jiménez. Simón BolÃvar credited the victory to the British Legion declaring that \"those soldier liberators are the men who deserve these laurels\" when offered laurels after the victory. The battle occurred 150 km from Bogotá in the Andes Mountains, in a place know as Casa de Teja, close to a bridge over the Teatinos River and 3 roads heading to Samaca, Motavita and Tunja, an area which is now part of the Boyacá Department. The battle On August 7, 1819, after securing a narrow victory at Vargas Swamp Battle, both armies headed towards Bogotá, which was lightly defended. The capture of the capital in hands of the Patriot Army would effectively cut off the advance of the republican army and give the strategic initiative to its opponents. At 6:00 a.m., the Spanish forces departed from Motavita towards Casa de Teja, a segment of only 25 km which the Spaniards completed in 7 hours 30 minutes, at an average speed of 18 minutes per kilometer. At 10:00 a.m. General Santander\'s forces departed from Tunja toward Casa de Piedra and the road to Bogota. The distance was 16 km, which the Patriot forces completed in 4 hours at 15 minutes per kilometer. The Republican forces split in two: the vanguard reached Casa de Teja at 1:30 p.m., while the rearguard stopped a kilometer and a half behind to get some rest. Shortly before 2:00 p.m., Capitan Andres Ibarra and his forces spotted Casa de Teja and the vanguard of the Republican Army. The Spaniards spotted him too, and Coronel Sebastian Dias, chief of the vanguard of the Spanish army ordered follow and shoot what he believed was only a small observation force. They returned and General Santander ordered Lieutenant Coronel Paris attack the Republican forces. The Spanish vanguard crossed a strategic bridge over the Teatinos River and took attack positions there, meanwhile the full force of the Patriot army at command of Santander had reached Casa de Piedra. The Spanish rearguard was still several meters behind, so General Anzoátegui ordered to block the way between the vanguard and the rearguard of the Spanish forces. The rearguard, outnumbered, retreated to a small hill close to Casa de Piedra. Simón BolÃvar\'s forces arrived from Papia, after the Vargas Swamp battle. He ordered a flanked attack on the Spanish rearguard: battalions Barcelona and Bravos de Paez were to attack on the right side while the Britanica and Rifles legion attack on the left. The enemy assumed battle positions, in the center 3 artillery pieces surrounded by royal battalions 12 and 22 and on the wings, cavalry units. Outnumbered, the Spanish rearguard forces began to retreat without any clear direction, so BolÃvar\'s ordered lances units to attack the center of the Republican infantry, while a full cavalry squadron ran aways the battle via the road towards Samaca. Bareiro attempted to break the blockage of the Patriot forces and rendezvous with the Spanish vanguard but heavy enemy fire forced him and his forces to surrender. Meanwhile, one kilometer and a half behind Casa de Piedra, the Patriot vanguard managed to cross on foot the river and were approaching to the back of the Republican vanguard force. Once it had reached them, the vanguard forces engaged battle, while the rearguard attempted to cross the river on force, using bayonets. The Spanish forces fled, leaving on the bridge their leader, Coronel Juan Taira. As the assembly of enemy hostages began, the battle was over shortly after 4:00 p.m. At least 1,600 troops and several of the Spanish commanders, including Barreiro himself, were captured at the end of the battle. New Granada\'s liberation was assured by this victory, which left the road to Bogotá and the city itself practically undefended, as the survivors headed towards other locations. After the battle, Santander and Anzoátegui were promoted to Divisional General. For order of Santander, Coronel Barreiro and 38 more were executed in Bogotá on October 11, 1819. The bridge in question, el Puente de Boyacá, is no longer in use but it has been maintained as a symbol of the Independence of South America. Historical consequences and legacy • The final defeat of Royal forces in the New Kingdom of Granada and the weakening of the rest of the forces in all America. • The royalist understand that the patriots were worthy of respect for their courage and heroism. • The end of Spanish control over the American provinces, with the escape of viceroy Juan de Samano. • The following freedom of all provinces in the New Kingdom. • The creation of Greater Colombia. • The start of an autonomous government in the former Spanish provinces. • The independence of Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador and the creation of Bolivia. Viceroy Juan de Samano was informed of the defeat and manage to escape and flee to Spain, which brought to an end the reign of the Spanish Empire in north of Latin America. In commemoration of this battle, August 7 is a national holiday in Colombia. On this date every 4 years the elected President of Colombia is proclaimed in the Casa de Nariño. Taking advantage of this date, the Colombian capital, Bogotá, start the usual celebrations in commemoration of the birth of the city, in August 6, 1538. Today is Bolivian National Day and we reproduced a letter from its President Open Letter from Evo Morales Regarding the European Union\'s \"Returns Directive\" AUTHOR: Evo MORALES AYMA Translated by Machetera Until the end of the Second World War, Europe was a continent of emigrants. Tens of millions of Europeans left for the Americas in order to colonize, escape famine, financial crises, wars and European totalitarianism and the persecution of ethnic minorities. Today, I\'m following the process of the so-called \"Returns Directive\" with concern. The text, approved on June 5th by the Interior Ministers of the European Union\'s 27 member countries, must be voted on in the European Parliament on June 18th. I feel that it drastically hardens the conditions for detention and expulsion of undocumented migrants, whatever their length of stay in the European countries, their work situation, their family ties, their will and their achievements at integration. Europeans arrived en masse in the countries of Latin America and North America, without visas or conditions imposed by the authorities. They were always welcome, and they continue to be, in our countries on the American continent, which therefore absorb the economic misery of Europe and its political crises. They came to our continent to exploit its wealth and transfer it to Europe, with a very high cost for America\'s original population. Such is the case in our Cerro Rico, in Potosi, where the fabulous silver mines provided the European continent its coinage from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The goods and personal rights of the European migrants were always respected. Today the European Union is the main destination for the world\'s migrants, as a consequence of its positive image as an area of prosperity and public freedom. The vast majority of the migrants come to the EU to contribute to this prosperity, not to take advantage of it. They occupy jobs in public works, construction, personal services and hospitals, which Europeans can\'t or don\'t wish to fill. They contribute to the European continent\'s dynamic demographic, to maintaining the relationship between the active and inactive that in turn makes possible its generous systems of social security, internal market stimulation and social cohesion. Migrants offer a solution to the EU\'s demographic and financial problems. For us, our migrants represent the development aid that the Europeans don\'t give us - considering that few countries actually manage to achieve the minimum objective of 0.7% of their GDP in development aid. In 2006, Latin America received $68 billion dollars in remittances; more than the total foreign investment in our countries. At a world level, they reach $300 billion dollars, which surpasses the $104 billion dollars granted through the concept of development aid. My own country, Bolivia, received more than 10% of its GDP through remittances ($1.1 billion dollars), or a third of our annual natural gas exports. This is to say that the migration flows are just as beneficial for the Europeans and marginally for those of us in the Third World, considering that we\'ve also lost the equivalent of millions of skilled workers, in which our states, poor as they are, have invested human and financial resources in one way or another. Unfortunately, the \"Returns Directive\" complicates this reality terribly. If we conceive that each state or group of states may define its fully sovereign migratory policies, we cannot accept that fundamental personal rights should be denied to our Latin American brothers and compatriots. The \"Returns Directive\" provides for the possibility of incarceration of undocumented migrants for up to 18 months before their expulsion - or \"removal,\" according to the terms of the directive. 18 months! Without trial, or justice! As it is today, the Directive\'s text clearly violates Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Specifically, Article 13 of the Declaration states: 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. 2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. And worst of all, there is the possibility of imprisonment for mothers and children, without taking into account their family or school situation, in these detention facilities where we know depression, hunger strikes and suicides take place. How can we accept undocumented Latin American compatriots and brothers who\'ve worked and integrated themselves over years, being put in concentration camps, without reacting? On what side is today\'s duty of humanitarian intervention? Where is the \"freedom of movement,\" the protection against arbitrary imprisonment? In parallel, the European Union is trying to convince the Andean Community (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) to sign an \"Association Agreement\" which includes a Free Trade Agreement as its third pillar, with the same nature and contents as those imposed by the United States. We are under intense pressure from the European Commission to accept profoundly liberalized conditions for trade, financial services, intellectual property or our public services. Furthermore, under the heading of legal protection, we are being pressured over our process of nationalization of water, gas and telecommunications, as realized on International Workers Day. I ask, in this case, where is the \"legal security\" for our women, adolescents, children and workers who seek better horizons in Europe? Freedom of movement is promoted for merchandise and finance, while we are faced with imprisonment without trial for our brothers who try to move freely. This is to deny the foundations of freedom and democratic rights. Under these conditions, to approve this \"Returns Directive,\" we would find it ethically impossible to extend the negotiations with the European Union, and we reserve the right to regulate European citizens through the same visa obligations that have been imposed on Bolivians since the first of April, 2007, according to the diplomatic principle of reciprocity. We have not exercised it until now, as we awaited favorable signs from the EU. The world, its continents, its oceans and its poles face difficult global challenges: global warming, pollution, the slow but sure disappearance of energy resources and biodiversity, while hunger and poverty increase in all countries, weakening our societies. To make migrants, documented or undocumented, scapegoats for these global problems is no kind of solution at all. It doesn\'t correspond to any reality. The problems of social cohesion suffered by Europe are not the fault of migrants, but the result of a development model imposed by the North, which is destroying the planet and dismembering the society of mankind. In the name of the Bolivian people, of all my brothers in the continental regions of the world such as Maghreb, Asia and the countries of Africa, I call on the conscience of the European leaders and parliamentary members, the people, citizens and activists of Europe, to reject the first draft of the \"Returns Directive.\" That which we have before us today, is a shameful directive. I also call on the European Union to elaborate, in the coming months, a migratory policy that is respectful of human rights, that would maintain this beneficial dynamism for both continents and might repair once and for all the enormous historical, economic and ecological debt that the European countries have with a large part of the Third World, which might close at once Latin America\'s still open veins. They must not fail today at \"policies of integration,\" as they failed with their supposed \"civilizing mission\" in colonial times. Fraternal greetings from Bolivia to all of you, authorities, Members of Parliament, and comrades. And in particular, our solidarity to all those who are \"hidden.\" Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Republic of Bolivia 10,000 SIGNATURES AGAINST THE DEMOLITION OF WARDS CORNER, 7 SISTERS MARKET AND THE PUEBLITO PAISA Pueblito Paisa 231 High Road (by Seven Sisters Tube) MANCERA’S BEAUTY SALON EL PARADOR ROJO, a restaurant where most greatest figures were there EL ESTANQUILLO, all kinds of Latin ingredients LA FONDA DE RANCHO, Colombian Restaurant EL TREN DE LAS AREPAS (the best Colombian burgers made by a 7-7 survivor) ESCAPE, Latin American clothes STYLO’S beauty salon D & P HAND CAR WASH EL CAFETAL GIROS MANUEL’S BUTCHERS LINDA’S BOUTIQUE/ AZUQUITA LA ESQUINA DE BLANQUITA. Colombian juices 7 Sisters Market/ Wards Corner FAIR DEAL Multi Ethnic Super Market COSMOS News Agency Vinos Tottenham Wines Eye Practice INK WELL Printers SPONSORS & AMIGOS PEDRO ACHATA TRUST Supporting Latin American displaced peoples .pedroachatatrust\" .pedroachatatrust FAIR DEAL CASH & CARRY For great foods and cheap prices from the Latin, Caribbean & Ethnic 3-7 West Green Rd. Tottenham. London N15 5BX Support the merchants from Seven Sisters! Don’t demolish the Wards Corner! Regenerate the area serving the local community! GIRO WORLD Cafe Internet, Giros and Videos 3 Bramlands Close, Clapham Junction. SW11 2NR. 020 7223 8475 ARCH INKA Chilean and Spanish wines Direct from the vineyard to your doorstep .solovino.co.uk/\" .solovino.co.uk/ MANCERA’S BEAUTY SALON Pueblito Paisa. Seven Sisters Market 231 High Road (encima de la estación de metro de Seven Sisters) Highly specialized hair dressing with the Latin touch AM SPECTRUM RADIOTODOS LOS DIAS LABORALES DE 3 A 4 PM IMAGEN LATINA/ MINKA TV WWW.ENCONTACTOLONDRES.CO.UK\" WWW.ENCONTACTOLONDRES.CO.UK .radiovisioninternacional.co.uk\" .radiovisioninternacional.co.uk MINKA IS A NON-PROFIT COMMUNIT NEWSPAPER. 231 HIGH ROAD SEVEN SISTERS LONDON N15
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modeling agencies in birmingham MINKA News UK\'s Iberian and Latin American Newsletter (English edition) London, 06-08-2008. International year of the Potatoes. If by mistake we have sent this e-mail to you please reply ‘remove’. MINKA means a form of community work in Quechua, Aymara and Guarani. NEWS are the four cardinal points in which the Anden and Iberian peoples are now displaced all over the world.MINKA is a community, non-profit and free tribune Newsletter. It has a daily Spanish-Portuguese-English edition and a weekly edition in English INDEXLatin and Iberian festivals in this summerCarnaval del Pueblo picturesMINKAPEDIA by Paul Goulder. Cholofication of the Austin. 189 years of the Independence of the Great Colombia and the Battle of BoyacáOn Bolivian National Day we reproduce a letter to the EU from its President CONGRATULATIONS TO THE BOLIVIANS AND JAMAICANS BECAUSE TODAY IS THEIR NATIONAL DAY Latin festivals in this summer On Sunday 3 August between 10,000 and 20,000 people attended the Carnaval del Pueblo at Burgess Park. However, perhaps more people watched the parade of 16 floats that departed from Elephant and Castle. Most of the floats where created by Bolivian Londoners but also there were some from Peru, Mexico and Colombia. So far there have been many other Latin American festivals in this summer. Important cities like Birmingham or Newcastle had their own Latin events. In Newcastle the first edition of the Viva Festival (11-20 July) was very successful, with 77 performances, 168 artists and a total attendance 10,000+. In early June the Portugal National Festival attracted 30,000 people at Kennington Park (according to the Lambeth council). On 21 June there was a Latin Carnival and the celebration of the Andean New Year (Inti Raymi) as part of the Tottenham Carnival which gathered around 15,000 people. Next weekend perhaps more than 50,000 people attended the Carnival de Cuba at Southwark Park. On Sunday 20 July more than 10,000 people saw the Colombian Festival at South Bank. Peruvian celebrations on the last weekend of July attracted 4,000 people.Many Latin American bands and dancers participated in several festivals and some of them are going to be part of the Notting Hill Carnival. There are more than one million Iberian and Latin Americans living in the UK (especially in London) and they would like to use their talents to attract tourists and to increase the cultural atmosphere of the world’s next Olympic capital.London used to have an entire week with Latin and Iberian dances, music, theatres, circus performances and arts exhibitions at South Bank. The ambition of many Latin and Iberian communities is to unite in order to set up in London the largest Iberian American festival outside Iberia and the Americas. There are some proposals (like the one made by Simon Hughes MP) to create a Latin Assembly that could represent the community. This body could unite all cultural efforts in one week of events. At the moment the Trafalgar Square has never been allocated to celebrate an Iberian American united event or the Andean New Year. August 3, 2008Carnaval del Pueblo In Pictures (Orhan) (Orhan) « PREVIOUS Something to brighten an overcast Tuesday: pictures from Sunday\'s Carnaval del Pueblo which salsa, soca and samba-ed down the Walworth Road and filled Burgess Park with Latin American live music, dance and a fiesta of colour, bringing Salvador to the streets of Southwark. Many thanks to Orhan & Tanya N for the photographs, via the Londonist Flickrpool. londonist/2008/08/carnival_del_pueblo_in_pictures.php?gallery8783Pic=1#gallery\" londonist/2008/08/carnival_del_pueblo_in_pictures.php... More pictures at flickr/photos/city_poet/sets/72157606522732205/\"flickr/photos/city_poet/sets/72157606522732205/ picasaweb.google.co.uk/artupior/CarnavalDelPueblo2008/photo#5230728614912376082\" picasaweb.google.co.uk/artupior/CarnavalDelPueblo2008/pho... BBC pictures at .bbc.co.uk/london/content/image_galleries/carnaval_del_pueblo_gallery.shtml?13\" .bbc.co.uk/london/content/image_galleries/carnaval_del... uk.encontactomundo/component/option,com_zoom/Itemid,22/catid,96/\" uk.encontactomundo/component/option,com_zoom/Itemid,2... MINKAPEDIA by Paul Goulder Cholofication of the Austin. In March 2008 edition of Practical Classics turn to page 34. “Mark Davey of Chilwell, Notts, spotted one of the few Austin 1100’s imported into Peru. Located in Cabanaconde, a village 3400m above sea level, Mark was surprised to spot the car in such a remote location, joined to the rest of the world by a single road. It was the only British car he saw in Peru during his holiday.†Minkanews comments that in all probability the Austin 1100 was imported into Peru (late 1960’s / early 1970’s?) by Roberts y Cia, the Arequipa agents of British Motor Corporation, later British Leyland. The Austins were not sufficiently rugged for roads outside the urban area â€" there being then only one metalled (asphalted) road linking Arequipa to the outside world. There was no road for cars at that time to Cabanaconde. If readers by chance recognise this car please add any information you can about its history to this page (click edit this page). If you are reading this in Minkanews please turn to the editable version in Minkpedia first. academia.wikia/wiki/Austin_1100_in_Cabanaconde\" academia.wikia/wiki/Austin_1100_in_Cabanaconde Also you can write direct to the author of this piece on that page. 189 years of the Independence of the Great Colombia and the Battle of BoyacáFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Battle of Boyacá Part of Bolivar\'s War, Bolivar in New Granada, Venezuelan War of Independence Painting of the Battle of Boyaca, which resulted in the independence of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama from Spain. Exhibited in the Federal Palace, Caracas, Venezuela. Date August 7, 1819 Location Boyacá, Colombia Result Republican (BolÃvar) victory Belligerents Independentist army Royalist army Commanders General-in-Chief Simón Antonio BolÃvar. Brigade General Francisco de Paula Santander. Brigade General Jose Antonio Anzoátegui. Brigade General Carlos Soublette Colonel José MarÃa Barreiro . Colonel Francisco Jiménez . Colonel Sebastián DÃaz Execution of Spanish officers Strength 3430 2940 colombian-venezuelan loyalist soldiers Casualties and losses 13 dead, 53 injured. over 100 casualties, 150 injured and 1600 prisoners. The Battle of Boyacá in Colombia, then known as New Granada, was the battle in which Colombia acquired its definitive independence from Spanish Monarchy, although fighting with royalist forces would continue for years. Brigade GeneralsFrancisco de Paula Santander and José Antonio Anzoátegui led a combined republican army of Colombians and Venezuelans, complemented by the British Legion, to defeat in two hours a Royalist Colombian-Venezuelan forces led by Spanish Colonels José MarÃa Barreiro and Francisco Jiménez. Simón BolÃvar credited the victory to the British Legion declaring that \"those soldier liberators are the men who deserve these laurels\" when offered laurels after the victory. The battle occurred 150 km from Bogotá in the Andes Mountains, in a place know as Casa de Teja, close to a bridge over the Teatinos River and 3 roads heading to Samaca, Motavita and Tunja, an area which is now part of the Boyacá Department. The battle On August 7, 1819, after securing a narrow victory at Vargas Swamp Battle, both armies headed towards Bogotá, which was lightly defended. The capture of the capital in hands of the Patriot Army would effectively cut off the advance of the republican army and give the strategic initiative to its opponents. At 6:00 a.m., the Spanish forces departed from Motavita towards Casa de Teja, a segment of only 25 km which the Spaniards completed in 7 hours 30 minutes, at an average speed of 18 minutes per kilometer. At 10:00 a.m. General Santander\'s forces departed from Tunja toward Casa de Piedra and the road to Bogota. The distance was 16 km, which the Patriot forces completed in 4 hours at 15 minutes per kilometer. The Republican forces split in two: the vanguard reached Casa de Teja at 1:30 p.m., while the rearguard stopped a kilometer and a half behind to get some rest. Shortly before 2:00 p.m., Capitan Andres Ibarra and his forces spotted Casa de Teja and the vanguard of the Republican Army. The Spaniards spotted him too, and Coronel Sebastian Dias, chief of the vanguard of the Spanish army ordered follow and shoot what he believed was only a small observation force. They returned and General Santander ordered Lieutenant Coronel Paris attack the Republican forces. The Spanish vanguard crossed a strategic bridge over the Teatinos River and took attack positions there, meanwhile the full force of the Patriot army at command of Santander had reached Casa de Piedra. The Spanish rearguard was still several meters behind, so General Anzoátegui ordered to block the way between the vanguard and the rearguard of the Spanish forces. The rearguard, outnumbered, retreated to a small hill close to Casa de Piedra. Simón BolÃvar\'s forces arrived from Papia, after the Vargas Swamp battle. He ordered a flanked attack on the Spanish rearguard: battalions Barcelona and Bravos de Paez were to attack on the right side while the Britanica and Rifles legion attack on the left. The enemy assumed battle positions, in the center 3 artillery pieces surrounded by royal battalions 12 and 22 and on the wings, cavalry units. Outnumbered, the Spanish rearguard forces began to retreat without any clear direction, so BolÃvar\'s ordered lances units to attack the center of the Republican infantry, while a full cavalry squadron ran aways the battle via the road towards Samaca. Bareiro attempted to break the blockage of the Patriot forces and rendezvous with the Spanish vanguard but heavy enemy fire forced him and his forces to surrender. Meanwhile, one kilometer and a half behind Casa de Piedra, the Patriot vanguard managed to cross on foot the river and were approaching to the back of the Republican vanguard force. Once it had reached them, the vanguard forces engaged battle, while the rearguard attempted to cross the river on force, using bayonets. The Spanish forces fled, leaving on the bridge their leader, Coronel Juan Taira. As the assembly of enemy hostages began, the battle was over shortly after 4:00 p.m. At least 1,600 troops and several of the Spanish commanders, including Barreiro himself, were captured at the end of the battle. New Granada\'s liberation was assured by this victory, which left the road to Bogotá and the city itself practically undefended, as the survivors headed towards other locations. After the battle, Santander and Anzoátegui were promoted to Divisional General. For order of Santander, Coronel Barreiro and 38 more were executed in Bogotá on October 11, 1819. The bridge in question, el Puente de Boyacá, is no longer in use but it has been maintained as a symbol of the Independence of South America. Historical consequences and legacy • The final defeat of Royal forces in the New Kingdom of Granada and the weakening of the rest of the forces in all America. • The royalist understand that the patriots were worthy of respect for their courage and heroism. • The end of Spanish control over the American provinces, with the escape of viceroy Juan de Samano. • The following freedom of all provinces in the New Kingdom. • The creation of Greater Colombia. • The start of an autonomous government in the former Spanish provinces. • The independence of Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador and the creation of Bolivia. Viceroy Juan de Samano was informed of the defeat and manage to escape and flee to Spain, which brought to an end the reign of the Spanish Empire in north of Latin America. In commemoration of this battle, August 7 is a national holiday in Colombia. On this date every 4 years the elected President of Colombia is proclaimed in the Casa de Nariño. Taking advantage of this date, the Colombian capital, Bogotá, start the usual celebrations in commemoration of the birth of the city, in August 6, 1538. Today is Bolivian National Day and we reproduced a letter from its President Open Letter from Evo Morales Regarding the European Union\'s \"Returns Directive\" AUTHOR: Evo MORALES AYMA Translated by Machetera Until the end of the Second World War, Europe was a continent of emigrants. Tens of millions of Europeans left for the Americas in order to colonize, escape famine, financial crises, wars and European totalitarianism and the persecution of ethnic minorities. Today, I\'m following the process of the so-called \"Returns Directive\" with concern. The text, approved on June 5th by the Interior Ministers of the European Union\'s 27 member countries, must be voted on in the European Parliament on June 18th. I feel that it drastically hardens the conditions for detention and expulsion of undocumented migrants, whatever their length of stay in the European countries, their work situation, their family ties, their will and their achievements at integration. Europeans arrived en masse in the countries of Latin America and North America, without visas or conditions imposed by the authorities. They were always welcome, and they continue to be, in our countries on the American continent, which therefore absorb the economic misery of Europe and its political crises. They came to our continent to exploit its wealth and transfer it to Europe, with a very high cost for America\'s original population. Such is the case in our Cerro Rico, in Potosi, where the fabulous silver mines provided the European continent its coinage from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The goods and personal rights of the European migrants were always respected. Today the European Union is the main destination for the world\'s migrants, as a consequence of its positive image as an area of prosperity and public freedom. The vast majority of the migrants come to the EU to contribute to this prosperity, not to take advantage of it. They occupy jobs in public works, construction, personal services and hospitals, which Europeans can\'t or don\'t wish to fill. They contribute to the European continent\'s dynamic demographic, to maintaining the relationship between the active and inactive that in turn makes possible its generous systems of social security, internal market stimulation and social cohesion. Migrants offer a solution to the EU\'s demographic and financial problems. For us, our migrants represent the development aid that the Europeans don\'t give us - considering that few countries actually manage to achieve the minimum objective of 0.7% of their GDP in development aid. In 2006, Latin America received $68 billion dollars in remittances; more than the total foreign investment in our countries. At a world level, they reach $300 billion dollars, which surpasses the $104 billion dollars granted through the concept of development aid. My own country, Bolivia, received more than 10% of its GDP through remittances ($1.1 billion dollars), or a third of our annual natural gas exports. This is to say that the migration flows are just as beneficial for the Europeans and marginally for those of us in the Third World, considering that we\'ve also lost the equivalent of millions of skilled workers, in which our states, poor as they are, have invested human and financial resources in one way or another. Unfortunately, the \"Returns Directive\" complicates this reality terribly. If we conceive that each state or group of states may define its fully sovereign migratory policies, we cannot accept that fundamental personal rights should be denied to our Latin American brothers and compatriots. The \"Returns Directive\" provides for the possibility of incarceration of undocumented migrants for up to 18 months before their expulsion - or \"removal,\" according to the terms of the directive. 18 months! Without trial, or justice! As it is today, the Directive\'s text clearly violates Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Specifically, Article 13 of the Declaration states: 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. 2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. And worst of all, there is the possibility of imprisonment for mothers and children, without taking into account their family or school situation, in these detention facilities where we know depression, hunger strikes and suicides take place. How can we accept undocumented Latin American compatriots and brothers who\'ve worked and integrated themselves over years, being put in concentration camps, without reacting? On what side is today\'s duty of humanitarian intervention? Where is the \"freedom of movement,\" the protection against arbitrary imprisonment? In parallel, the European Union is trying to convince the Andean Community (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) to sign an \"Association Agreement\" which includes a Free Trade Agreement as its third pillar, with the same nature and contents as those imposed by the United States. We are under intense pressure from the European Commission to accept profoundly liberalized conditions for trade, financial services, intellectual property or our public services. Furthermore, under the heading of legal protection, we are being pressured over our process of nationalization of water, gas and telecommunications, as realized on International Workers Day. I ask, in this case, where is the \"legal security\" for our women, adolescents, children and workers who seek better horizons in Europe? Freedom of movement is promoted for merchandise and finance, while we are faced with imprisonment without trial for our brothers who try to move freely. This is to deny the foundations of freedom and democratic rights. Under these conditions, to approve this \"Returns Directive,\" we would find it ethically impossible to extend the negotiations with the European Union, and we reserve the right to regulate European citizens through the same visa obligations that have been imposed on Bolivians since the first of April, 2007, according to the diplomatic principle of reciprocity. We have not exercised it until now, as we awaited favorable signs from the EU. The world, its continents, its oceans and its poles face difficult global challenges: global warming, pollution, the slow but sure disappearance of energy resources and biodiversity, while hunger and poverty increase in all countries, weakening our societies. To make migrants, documented or undocumented, scapegoats for these global problems is no kind of solution at all. It doesn\'t correspond to any reality. The problems of social cohesion suffered by Europe are not the fault of migrants, but the result of a development model imposed by the North, which is destroying the planet and dismembering the society of mankind. In the name of the Bolivian people, of all my brothers in the continental regions of the world such as Maghreb, Asia and the countries of Africa, I call on the conscience of the European leaders and parliamentary members, the people, citizens and activists of Europe, to reject the first draft of the \"Returns Directive.\" That which we have before us today, is a shameful directive. I also call on the European Union to elaborate, in the coming months, a migratory policy that is respectful of human rights, that would maintain this beneficial dynamism for both continents and might repair once and for all the enormous historical, economic and ecological debt that the European countries have with a large part of the Third World, which might close at once Latin America\'s still open veins. They must not fail today at \"policies of integration,\" as they failed with their supposed \"civilizing mission\" in colonial times. Fraternal greetings from Bolivia to all of you, authorities, Members of Parliament, and comrades. And in particular, our solidarity to all those who are \"hidden.\" Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Republic of Bolivia 10,000 SIGNATURES AGAINST THE DEMOLITION OF WARDS CORNER, 7 SISTERS MARKET AND THE PUEBLITO PAISA Pueblito Paisa 231 High Road (by Seven Sisters Tube) MANCERA’S BEAUTY SALON EL PARADOR ROJO, a restaurant where most greatest figures were there EL ESTANQUILLO, all kinds of Latin ingredients LA FONDA DE RANCHO, Colombian Restaurant EL TREN DE LAS AREPAS (the best Colombian burgers made by a 7-7 survivor) ESCAPE, Latin American clothes STYLO’S beauty salon D & P HAND CAR WASH EL CAFETAL GIROS MANUEL’S BUTCHERS LINDA’S BOUTIQUE/ AZUQUITA LA ESQUINA DE BLANQUITA. Colombian juices 7 Sisters Market/ Wards Corner FAIR DEAL Multi Ethnic Super Market COSMOS News Agency Vinos Tottenham Wines Eye Practice INK WELL Printers SPONSORS & AMIGOS PEDRO ACHATA TRUST Supporting Latin American displaced peoples .pedroachatatrust\" .pedroachatatrust FAIR DEAL CASH & CARRY For great foods and cheap prices from the Latin, Caribbean & Ethnic 3-7 West Green Rd. Tottenham. London N15 5BX Support the merchants from Seven Sisters! Don’t demolish the Wards Corner! Regenerate the area serving the local community! GIRO WORLD Cafe Internet, Giros and Videos 3 Bramlands Close, Clapham Junction. SW11 2NR. 020 7223 8475 ARCH INKA Chilean and Spanish wines Direct from the vineyard to your doorstep .solovino.co.uk/\" .solovino.co.uk/ MANCERA’S BEAUTY SALON Pueblito Paisa. Seven Sisters Market 231 High Road (encima de la estación de metro de Seven Sisters) Highly specialized hair dressing with the Latin touch AM SPECTRUM RADIOTODOS LOS DIAS LABORALES DE 3 A 4 PM IMAGEN LATINA/ MINKA TV WWW.ENCONTACTOLONDRES.CO.UK\" WWW.ENCONTACTOLONDRES.CO.UK .radiovisioninternacional.co.uk\" .radiovisioninternacional.co.uk MINKA IS A NON-PROFIT COMMUNIT NEWSPAPER. 231 HIGH ROAD SEVEN SISTERS LONDON N15
blouses Picnic blouse as a dress.
fashion swim suit Custom order: a pair of 1855 swimsuits, based on this fashion illustration: en.wikipedia/wiki/File:Bathing_suit_1858.png\" en.wikipedia/wiki/File:Bathing_suit_1858.png I made them out of some gray microfiber sheets from WalMart, which turned out to be the perfect material - right color, lightweight, has a bit of a sheen if you use it wrong side out. Still, I can\'t imagine trying to swim in a getup like this!
Used all of her swim suit, plus most of the 10 x 10 sheet. Pockets are the bra cups turned upside down. Removed the crotch area of the bottoms and added the gathered skirt. Nothing went as planned! Sewing tiny clothes is a whole different way of construction. Live and learn, I hope!
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